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However, the use of the e-cigarette should not be taken lightly because it has been on the United States market for only 10 years and more research needs to be done on e-cigarette constituents and their potential health effects.
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Therefore, it is generally thought that the effects of e-cigarettes are relatively less harmful than that of conventional cigarettes. It is assumed that e-cigarettes do not cause lung related diseases from toxic tobacco since e-cigarettes lack the combustion of tobacco. Moreover, some of the flavors used in e-liquids pose a potential health risk for its users (Allen et al., 2016 Kosmider et al., 2016 Gerloff et al., 2017).Įlectronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), commonly known as e-cigarette is a battery-powered device that contains aerosolized nicotine delivered to its users in the form of vapor instead of smoke. This has become a serious public health concern as the non-smoking youth is twice as likely to consume conventional cigarettes (Bunnell et al., 2015 White et al., 2015).
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E-cigarette use has increased among adolescents, and the number of non-cigarette smoking youth who use e-cigarettes has tripled over the past years. With the declined consumption of cigarettes, e-cigarettes are advertised as a healthier alternative as the flavoring used in e-cigarettes are considered safe for ingestion (Berg et al., 2014 Klager et al., 2017). E-cigarette consumption has been vastly increased over the recent years especially among American youth primarily due to flavors that are marketed with alluring names (Farley et al., 2014 Ambrose et al., 2015). These flavoring chemicals are often generally recognized as safe (GRAS) classification when used in foods. Mixing a variety of flavors resulted in greater cytotoxicity and cell-free ROS levels compared to the treatments with individual flavors, suggesting that mixing of multiple flavors of e-liquids are more harmful to the users.Ĭonclusions: Our data suggest that the flavorings used in e-juices can trigger an inflammatory response in monocytes, mediated by ROS production, providing insights into potential pulmonary toxicity and tissue damage in e-cigarette users.Į-cigarettes are gaining popularity among American youth mainly due to the availability of over 500 brands with over 7,700 uniquely flavored e-juices (Zhu et al., 2014). The measurement of cell-free ROS by the flavoring chemicals and e-liquids showed significantly increased levels of H 2O 2 equivalents in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control reagents. The exposed monocytic cells secreted interleukin 8 (IL-8) chemokine in a dose-dependent manner compared to the unexposed cell groups depicting a biologically significant inflammatory response. Results: Treatment of the cells with flavoring chemicals and flavored e-liquid without nicotine caused cytotoxicity dose-dependently. Cytotoxicity due to the exposure to selected e-liquids was assessed by cell viability and the IL-8 inflammatory cytokine response in the conditioned media. These DCF fluorescence data were expressed as hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) equivalents. Cell-free ROS produced by these commonly used flavoring chemicals were also measured using a 2′,7′dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe. Cell viability and the concentrations of the secreted inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8) were measured in the conditioned media. Methods: Two monocytic cell types, MM6 and U937 were exposed to commonly used e-cigarette flavoring chemicals diacetyl, cinnamaldehyde, acetoin, pentanedione, o-vanillin, maltol and coumarin at different doses between 10 and 1,000 μM. We hypothesized that the flavoring chemicals used in e-juices/e-liquids induce an inflammatory response, cellular toxicity, and ROS production. The potential to cause oxidative stress by these flavoring chemicals was assessed by measuring the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Ecto eliquid mac#
We focused our study on the immuno-toxicological and the oxidative stress effects by these e-cigarette flavoring chemicals on two types of human monocytic cell lines, Mono Mac 6 (MM6) and U937. Liquid tobacco.Background: The respiratory health effects of inhalation exposure to e-cigarette flavoring chemicals are not well understood.